included

1. 1
   verb

   Simple past and past participle of include.

   The contract included a clause about late payments.

   She included her younger sister in the weekend plans.

   Note

   One spelling does two jobs. It is the simple past (the price included tax) and the past participle, which pairs with have for the perfect (has included) and with be for the passive (was included). The participle also carries include's programming use, as in a header file included at the top. The old meaning "enclose, confine," now obsolete for the verb, survives in the botanical "enclosed" sense.

2. 2
   adjective

   Provided together with something else as an accompanying part, often at no extra charge.

   All service charges are included in the final price.

   A printed map is included with each guided tour.

   Oppositeextra, excluded

   Note

   Before a noun it reads as a plain adjective: the included leaflet, the included cable. After a verb it blurs into the past participle, so "service is included" can be read either way. It also follows a noun in terse notices, as in "batteries included." It does not grade: nothing is more or less included, so it takes no comparative.

3. 3
   adjective

   Enclosed within a surrounding structure and not projecting beyond it, as stamens held within the corolla.

   In this species the stamens are included, never reaching past the corolla's mouth.

   Botanists noted that the stigma remained included within the floral tube.

   Similarenclosed

   Oppositeexserted

   Note

   A botanist's term of position. Stamens or a style that stay inside the corolla tube, rather than reaching past its mouth, are called included. Its counterpart is exserted, for parts that project beyond the petals. The word describes placement, not development: an included stamen is fully formed, just hidden from view until you look down into the flower.

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