refereed

1. 1
   verb

   Simple past and past participle of referee.

   The veteran official refereed the championship match last spring.

   Their disagreement was refereed by a neutral mediator.

   Note

   One spelling does double duty: the simple past (she refereed the final) and the participle after have or be (the match was refereed fairly). The -ed merges with the stem's final ee, so only two e's end the word. The verb covers every kind of referee, from the sports official to the expert judging a manuscript, and that second use settled into the peer-reviewed adjective.

2. 2
   adjective

   Of an article or book, having undergone evaluation by independent experts in the field before publication.

   Refereed papers carry more weight with hiring committees than conference talks.

   Her dissertation drew heavily on refereed studies from the past decade.

   Similarpeer-reviewed, juried

   Note

   An academic's word, borrowed from the referee who judges a manuscript to decide whether it should be published. It is at home on a CV, where it sets work that passed expert scrutiny apart from everything else: twenty refereed articles listed beside dozens of book reviews. Peer-reviewed is its close equivalent. The same adjective can describe the venue that applies the test rather than the piece itself, as in the journal sense.

3. 3
   adjective

   Of a journal, following a policy of submitting its articles to independent expert review before publication.

   Refereed journals reject a large share of submissions after expert evaluation.

   He listed three refereed journals where his work had appeared.

   Similarpeer-reviewed, juried

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