risen

1. 1
   verb

   Past participle of rise.

   Prices have risen sharply over the past year.

   The bread had risen perfectly by the time the oven reached temperature.

   Note

   The form that pairs with have, as in prices have risen or the sun had risen. It is built from rise with the old -n ending, and it stands apart from the simple past rose, which takes no auxiliary, so 'has rose' is a slip. Every sense of rise is intransitive, so risen never takes an object. Older English sometimes used be instead, as in the sun was risen.

2. 2
   adjective

   Having moved upward to a higher position, or having increased in level.

   The risen river spread across the low fields by midmorning.

   A risen loaf should feel light and airy before it goes into the oven.

   Similarswollen, raised, elevated

   Note

   A participle turned adjective, and it keeps the verb's sense of a finished event. It is modified by words of time such as newly, as in newly risen bread, rather than by very or more, since a thing has either risen or not. Before a noun it works as a description; in the river has risen, it is the plain participle at work instead.

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